What Type Of Glial Cell Is Responsible For Filtering Blood To Produce Csf At The Choroid Plexus?

Anatomy of the Nervous System

Circulation and the Fundamental Nervous System

Learning Objectives

By the finish of this section, yous will be able to:

• Describe the vessels that supply the CNS with claret
• Name the components of the ventricular system and the regions of the brain in which each is located
• Explain the production of cerebrospinal fluid and its period through the ventricles
• Explicate how a disruption in apportionment would result in a stroke

The CNS is crucial to the functioning of the torso, and any compromise in the encephalon and spinal cord tin atomic number 82 to astringent difficulties. The CNS has a privileged claret supply, equally suggested by the blood-brain bulwark. The function of the tissue in the CNS is crucial to the survival of the organism, and so the contents of the blood cannot simply pass into the central nervous tissue. To protect this region from the toxins and pathogens that may be traveling through the claret stream, in that location is strict control over what can motility out of the general systems and into the brain and spinal cord. Because of this privilege, the CNS needs specialized structures for the maintenance of circulation. This begins with a unique arrangement of claret vessels carrying fresh claret into the CNS. Beyond the supply of blood, the CNS filters that blood into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is and then circulated through the cavities of the brain and spinal cord called ventricles.

Blood Supply to the Brain

A lack of oxygen to the CNS can be devastating, and the cardiovascular organisation has specific regulatory reflexes to ensure that the claret supply is not interrupted. At that place are multiple routes for blood to get into the CNS, with specializations to protect that blood supply and to maximize the ability of the encephalon to get an uninterrupted perfusion.

Arterial Supply

The major artery conveying recently oxygenated blood away from the heart is the aorta. The very showtime branches off the aorta supply the heart with nutrients and oxygen. The next branches requite rising to the mutual carotid arteries, which further branch into the internal carotid arteries. The external carotid arteries supply blood to the tissues on the surface of the cranium. The bases of the common carotids contain stretch receptors that immediately respond to the drop in claret pressure upon standing. The orthostatic reflex is a reaction to this change in body position, and so that claret force per unit area is maintained against the increasing issue of gravity (orthostatic means "continuing up"). Centre rate increases—a reflex of the sympathetic segmentation of the autonomic nervous system—and this raises blood pressure level.

The internal carotid artery enters the cranium through the carotid canal in the temporal bone. A 2nd set of vessels that supply the CNS are the vertebral arteries, which are protected equally they pass through the cervix region by the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae. The vertebral arteries enter the cranium through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. Branches off the left and right vertebral arteries merge into the anterior spinal artery supplying the inductive aspect of the spinal string, institute along the inductive median scissure. The 2 vertebral arteries then merge into the basilar artery, which gives rise to branches to the brain stem and cerebellum. The left and right internal carotid arteries and branches of the basilar artery all become the circle of Willis, a confluence of arteries that can maintain perfusion of the brain fifty-fifty if narrowing or a blockage limits flow through i part ((Figure)).

Circle of Willis

The blood supply to the encephalon enters through the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, somewhen giving rise to the circle of Willis.

Spotter this animation to see how blood flows to the brain and passes through the circle of Willis before being distributed through the cerebrum. The circle of Willis is a specialized arrangement of arteries that ensure constant perfusion of the cerebrum even in the event of a blockage of one of the arteries in the circumvolve. The blitheness shows the normal direction of flow through the circle of Willis to the middle cerebral artery. Where would the claret come from if in that location were a blockage simply posterior to the middle cognitive artery on the left?

Venous Render

After passing through the CNS, blood returns to the circulation through a series of dural sinuses and veins ((Effigy)). The superior sagittal sinus runs in the groove of the longitudinal fissure, where it absorbs CSF from the meninges. The superior sagittal sinus drains to the confluence of sinuses, along with the occipital sinuses and straight sinus, to then drain into the transverse sinuses. The transverse sinuses connect to the sigmoid sinuses, which then connect to the jugular veins. From in that location, the blood continues toward the heart to exist pumped to the lungs for reoxygenation.

Dural Sinuses and Veins

Blood drains from the brain through a serial of sinuses that connect to the jugular veins.

Protective Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord

The outer surface of the CNS is covered by a series of membranes composed of connective tissue called the meninges, which protect the brain. The dura mater is a thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal string. It is anchored to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral cavity. The arachnoid mater is a membrane of sparse fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac effectually the CNS. Beneath the arachnoid is a sparse, filamentous mesh called the arachnoid trabeculae, which looks like a spider web, giving this layer its proper noun. Directly adjacent to the surface of the CNS is the pia mater, a thin fibrous membrane that follows the convolutions of gyri and sulci in the cognitive cortex and fits into other grooves and indentations ((Figure)).

Meningeal Layers of Superior Sagittal Sinus

The layers of the meninges in the longitudinal fissure of the superior sagittal sinus are shown, with the dura mater adjacent to the inner surface of the cranium, the pia mater adjacent to the surface of the brain, and the arachnoid and subarachnoid infinite between them. An arachnoid villus is shown emerging into the dural sinus to let CSF to filter back into the claret for drainage.

Dura Mater

Like a thick cap covering the brain, the dura mater is a tough outer covering. The proper name comes from the Latin for "tough mother" to represent its physically protective role. It encloses the entire CNS and the major claret vessels that enter the cranium and vertebral crenel. Information technology is direct attached to the inner surface of the bones of the cranium and to the very end of the vertebral crenel.

There are infoldings of the dura that fit into large crevasses of the encephalon. Two infoldings get through the midline separations of the cerebrum and cerebellum; 1 forms a shelf-like tent between the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and the other surrounds the pituitary gland. The dura besides surrounds and supports the venous sinuses.

Arachnoid Mater

The heart layer of the meninges is the arachnoid, named for the spider-spider web–like trabeculae between it and the pia mater. The arachnoid defines a sac-like enclosure effectually the CNS. The trabeculae are found in the subarachnoid space, which is filled with circulating CSF. The arachnoid emerges into the dural sinuses as the arachnoid granulations, where the CSF is filtered back into the blood for drainage from the nervous system.

The subarachnoid infinite is filled with circulating CSF, which likewise provides a liquid cushion to the brain and spinal cord. Similar to clinical claret piece of work, a sample of CSF can be withdrawn to notice chemical evidence of neuropathology or metabolic traces of the biochemical functions of nervous tissue.

Pia Mater

The outer surface of the CNS is covered in the thin fibrous membrane of the pia mater. It is thought to have a continuous layer of cells providing a fluid-impermeable membrane. The name pia mater comes from the Latin for "tender female parent," suggesting the thin membrane is a gentle roofing for the brain. The pia extends into every convolution of the CNS, lining the inside of the sulci in the cognitive and cerebellar cortices. At the end of the spinal cord, a sparse filament extends from the junior end of CNS at the upper lumbar region of the vertebral column to the sacral end of the vertebral column. Because the spinal cord does not extend through the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column, a needle can be inserted through the dura and arachnoid layers to withdraw CSF. This procedure is called a lumbar puncture and avoids the risk of damaging the central tissue of the spinal cord. Blood vessels that are nourishing the central nervous tissue are between the pia mater and the nervous tissue.

Disorders of the…

Meninges Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the three layers of fibrous membrane that environment the CNS. Meningitis can be caused by infection by bacteria or viruses. The particular pathogens are non special to meningitis; it is just an inflammation of that specific set up of tissues from what might exist a broader infection. Bacterial meningitis can be acquired by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, or the tuberculosis pathogen, among many others. Viral meningitis is unremarkably the issue of mutual enteroviruses (such every bit those that cause intestinal disorders), but may be the issue of the herpes virus or W Nile virus. Bacterial meningitis tends to exist more severe.

The symptoms associated with meningitis can exist fever, chills, nausea, airsickness, lite sensitivity, soreness of the neck, or severe headache. More important are the neurological symptoms, such equally changes in mental state (confusion, retention deficits, and other dementia-type symptoms). A serious risk of meningitis can exist damage to peripheral structures because of the nerves that laissez passer through the meninges. Hearing loss is a common result of meningitis.

The primary test for meningitis is a lumbar puncture. A needle inserted into the lumbar region of the spinal cavalcade through the dura mater and arachnoid membrane into the subarachnoid space can exist used to withdraw the fluid for chemical testing. Fatality occurs in v to forty percent of children and 20 to 50 percent of adults with bacterial meningitis. Handling of bacterial meningitis is through antibiotics, but viral meningitis cannot be treated with antibiotics because viruses practise not respond to that type of drug. Fortunately, the viral forms are milder.

Watch this video that describes the procedure known every bit the lumbar puncture, a medical procedure used to sample the CSF. Considering of the anatomy of the CNS, information technology is a relative condom location to insert a needle. Why is the lumbar puncture performed in the lower lumbar area of the vertebral column?

The Ventricular System

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates throughout and around the CNS. In other tissues, water and small molecules are filtered through capillaries as the major correspondent to the interstitial fluid. In the brain, CSF is produced in special structures to perfuse through the nervous tissue of the CNS and is continuous with the interstitial fluid. Specifically, CSF circulates to remove metabolic wastes from the interstitial fluids of nervous tissues and return them to the blood stream. The ventricles are the open spaces within the brain where CSF circulates. In some of these spaces, CSF is produced by filtering of the claret that is performed by a specialized membrane known as a choroid plexus. The CSF circulates through all of the ventricles to eventually sally into the subarachnoid space where it volition be reabsorbed into the blood.

The Ventricles

There are four ventricles within the brain, all of which developed from the original hollow space inside the neural tube, the central canal. The starting time 2 are named the lateral ventricles and are deep inside the cerebrum. These ventricles are connected to the third ventricle past two openings called the interventricular foramina. The third ventricle is the infinite between the left and correct sides of the diencephalon, which opens into the cognitive aqueduct that passes through the midbrain. The aqueduct opens into the fourth ventricle, which is the space between the cerebellum and the pons and upper medulla ((Figure)).

Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation

The choroid plexus in the four ventricles produce CSF, which is circulated through the ventricular system and so enters the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures. The CSF is then reabsorbed into the blood at the arachnoid granulations, where the arachnoid membrane emerges into the dural sinuses.

As the telencephalon enlarges and grows into the cranial cavity, it is limited past the space within the skull. The telencephalon is the most anterior region of what was the neural tube, simply cannot grow past the limit of the frontal bone of the skull. Considering the cerebrum fits into this infinite, it takes on a C-shaped formation, through the frontal, parietal, occipital, and finally temporal regions. The space within the telencephalon is stretched into this same C-shape. The two ventricles are in the left and right sides, and were at i fourth dimension referred to as the starting time and second ventricles. The interventricular foramina connect the frontal region of the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle.

The third ventricle is the space bounded by the medial walls of the hypothalamus and thalamus. The two thalami bear on in the eye in nigh brains as the massa intermedia, which is surrounded by the third ventricle. The cerebral aqueduct opens merely inferior to the epithalamus and passes through the midbrain. The tectum and tegmentum of the midbrain are the roof and floor of the cerebral aqueduct, respectively. The channel opens up into the fourth ventricle. The floor of the 4th ventricle is the dorsal surface of the pons and upper medulla (that gray matter making a continuation of the tegmentum of the midbrain). The fourth ventricle and then narrows into the central canal of the spinal cord.

The ventricular arrangement opens up to the subarachnoid space from the fourth ventricle. The single median aperture and the pair of lateral apertures connect to the subarachnoid space so that CSF can menses through the ventricles and around the outside of the CNS. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced inside the ventricles by a type of specialized membrane called a choroid plexus. Ependymal cells (one of the types of glial cells described in the introduction to the nervous organization) environs blood capillaries and filter the blood to brand CSF. The fluid is a articulate solution with a express amount of the constituents of blood. Information technology is essentially h2o, small molecules, and electrolytes. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved into the CSF, as they are in blood, and can lengthened between the fluid and the nervous tissue.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation

The choroid plexuses are found in all four ventricles. Observed in dissection, they appear every bit soft, fuzzy structures that may nevertheless be pink, depending on how well the circulatory organization is cleared in preparation of the tissue. The CSF is produced from components extracted from the blood, and so its menstruation out of the ventricles is tied to the pulse of cardiovascular circulation.

From the lateral ventricles, the CSF flows into the third ventricle, where more CSF is produced, and and then through the cognitive aqueduct into the fourth ventricle where even more than CSF is produced. A very small amount of CSF is filtered at any i of the plexuses, for a total of about 500 milliliters daily, only it is continuously fabricated and pulses through the ventricular organization, keeping the fluid moving. From the fourth ventricle, CSF can continue downwardly the central culvert of the spinal cord, but this is essentially a cul-de-sac, so more of the fluid leaves the ventricular arrangement and moves into the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures.

Inside the subarachnoid space, the CSF flows around all of the CNS, providing two important functions. As with elsewhere in its circulation, the CSF picks up metabolic wastes from the nervous tissue and moves it out of the CNS. Information technology also acts equally a liquid cushion for the brain and spinal cord. By surrounding the entire system in the subarachnoid space, it provides a thin buffer around the organs within the strong, protective dura mater. The arachnoid granulations are outpocketings of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses so that CSF can be reabsorbed into the blood, along with the metabolic wastes. From the dural sinuses, blood drains out of the head and cervix through the jugular veins, along with the balance of the circulation for claret, to be reoxygenated by the lungs and wastes to exist filtered out past the kidneys ((Figure)).

Watch this blitheness that shows the menstruum of CSF through the brain and spinal cord, and how it originates from the ventricles and and so spreads into the space within the meninges, where the fluids and so move into the venous sinuses to render to the cardiovascular circulation. What are the structures that produce CSF and where are they found? How are the structures indicated in this blitheness?

Components of CSF Circulation
	Lateral ventricles	3rd ventricle	Cerebral aqueduct	Fourth ventricle	Central canal	Subarachnoid space
Location in CNS	Cerebrum	Diencephalon	Midbrain	Between pons/upper medulla and cerebellum	Spinal cord	External to entire CNS
Blood vessel construction	Choroid plexus	Choroid plexus	None	Choroid plexus	None	Arachnoid granulations

Disorders of the…

Key Nervous Organisation The supply of blood to the brain is crucial to its ability to perform many functions. Without a steady supply of oxygen, and to a bottom extent glucose, the nervous tissue in the brain cannot keep up its extensive electrical activity. These nutrients get into the brain through the blood, and if claret flow is interrupted, neurological function is compromised.

The common proper name for a disruption of blood supply to the brain is a stroke. It is caused by a blockage to an artery in the brain. The blockage is from some type of embolus: a blood clot, a fat embolus, or an air chimera. When the blood cannot travel through the artery, the surrounding tissue that is deprived starves and dies. Strokes volition often result in the loss of very specific functions. A stroke in the lateral medulla, for example, tin can crusade a loss in the ability to eat. Sometimes, seemingly unrelated functions will exist lost because they are dependent on structures in the same region. Along with the swallowing in the previous example, a stroke in that region could impact sensory functions from the face up or extremities because important white matter pathways also laissez passer through the lateral medulla. Loss of blood flow to specific regions of the cortex tin lead to the loss of specific higher functions, from the ability to recognize faces to the ability to move a particular region of the trunk. Astringent or express memory loss can be the outcome of a temporal lobe stroke.

Related to strokes are transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), which can also be called "mini-strokes." These are events in which a physical blockage may be temporary, cut off the claret supply and oxygen to a region, only not to the extent that it causes cell death in that region. While the neurons in that area are recovering from the outcome, neurological function may be lost. Function can return if the area is able to recover from the upshot.

Recovery from a stroke (or TIA) is strongly dependent on the speed of treatment. Often, the person who is present and notices something is wrong must then make a determination. The mnemonic F A S T helps people remember what to look for when someone is dealing with sudden losses of neurological function. If someone complains of feeling "funny," cheque these things rapidly: Expect at the person'due south confront. Does he or she have problems moving F ace muscles and making regular facial expressions? Ask the person to heighten his or her A rms to a higher place the head. Can the person lift i arm simply not the other? Has the person's S peech changed? Is he or she slurring words or having trouble saying things? If any of these things have happened, and so it is T ime to call for help.

Sometimes, treatment with claret-thinning drugs tin can alleviate the problem, and recovery is possible. If the tissue is damaged, the astonishing affair about the nervous system is that it is adaptable. With physical, occupational, and speech therapy, victims of strokes can recover, or more than accurately relearn, functions.

Chapter Review

The CNS has a privileged blood supply established by the blood-brain barrier. Establishing this barrier are anatomical structures that help to protect and isolate the CNS. The arterial blood to the brain comes from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which both contribute to the unique circle of Willis that provides constant perfusion of the encephalon fifty-fifty if one of the claret vessels is blocked or narrowed. That blood is eventually filtered to make a split up medium, the CSF, that circulates within the spaces of the brain and then into the surrounding space defined by the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal string.

The claret that nourishes the brain and spinal cord is behind the glial-cell–enforced blood-brain barrier, which limits the exchange of material from claret vessels with the interstitial fluid of the nervous tissue. Thus, metabolic wastes are nerveless in cerebrospinal fluid that circulates through the CNS. This fluid is produced by filtering claret at the choroid plexuses in the 4 ventricles of the brain. Information technology and so circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space, between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. From the arachnoid granulations, CSF is reabsorbed into the blood, removing the waste from the privileged central nervous tissue.

The blood, now with the reabsorbed CSF, drains out of the attic through the dural sinuses. The dura mater is the tough outer covering of the CNS, which is anchored to the inner surface of the cranial and vertebral cavities. It surrounds the venous infinite known as the dural sinuses, which connect to the jugular veins, where blood drains from the caput and neck.

Interactive Link Questions

Watch this animation to see how blood flows to the brain and passes through the circle of Willis before being distributed through the cerebrum. The circumvolve of Willis is a specialized organization of arteries that ensure constant perfusion of the cerebrum even in the effect of a blockage of one of the arteries in the circle. The animation shows the normal management of menstruation through the circle of Willis to the centre cerebral avenue. Where would the blood come from if at that place were a blockage just posterior to the heart cerebral artery on the left?

If claret could not get to the middle cerebral artery through the posterior circulation, the blood would flow around the circle of Willis to reach that avenue from an anterior vessel. Blood flow would just opposite within the circle.

Watch this video that describes the procedure known as the lumbar puncture, a medical procedure used to sample the CSF. Because of the anatomy of the CNS, information technology is a relative safe location to insert a needle. Why is the lumbar puncture performed in the lower lumbar expanse of the vertebral column?

The spinal cord ends in the upper lumbar area of the vertebral cavalcade, so a needle inserted lower than that will non damage the nervous tissue of the CNS.

Watch this animation that shows the flow of CSF through the brain and spinal cord, and how it originates from the ventricles and and so spreads into the space within the meninges, where the fluids then movement into the venous sinuses to return to the cardiovascular circulation. What are the structures that produce CSF and where are they found? How are the structures indicated in this blitheness?

The choroid plexuses of the ventricles make CSF. Equally shown, there is a petty of the blue color appearing in each ventricle that is joined by the color flowing from the other ventricles.

Review Questions

What claret vessel enters the attic to supply the encephalon with fresh, oxygenated blood?

1. common carotid artery
2. jugular vein
3. internal carotid artery
4. aorta

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. subarachnoid
4. pia mater

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering claret to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

1. ependymal cell
2. astrocyte
3. oligodendrocyte
4. Schwann cell

Which portion of the ventricular organisation is found inside the diencephalon?

1. lateral ventricles
2. 3rd ventricle
3. cognitive aqueduct
4. quaternary ventricle

What condition causes a stroke?

1. inflammation of meninges
2. lumbar puncture
3. infection of cerebral spinal fluid
4. disruption of blood to the encephalon

Disquisitional Thinking Questions

Why can the circumvolve of Willis maintain perfusion of the brain even if there is a blockage in ane office of the structure?

The structure is a circular connexion of blood vessels, and then that blood coming upwards from one of the arteries tin can flow in either direction around the circle and avoid whatsoever blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can take severe effects on neurological function. Why is infection of this construction potentially then dangerous?

The fretfulness that connect the periphery to the CNS pass through these layers of tissue and can be damaged by that inflammation, causing a loss of important neurological functions.

Glossary

anterior spinal artery

blood vessel from the merged branches of the vertebral arteries that runs forth the anterior surface of the spinal cord

arachnoid granulation

outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of CSF into the claret

arachnoid mater

eye layer of the meninges named for the spider-web–like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater

arachnoid trabeculae

filaments betwixt the arachnoid and pia mater inside the subarachnoid space

basilar artery

blood vessel from the merged vertebral arteries that runs along the dorsal surface of the encephalon stem

carotid canal

opening in the temporal os through which the internal carotid artery enters the cranium

central canal

hollow space within the spinal cord that is the remnant of the center of the neural tube

cerebral aqueduct

connection of the ventricular system between the third and fourth ventricles located in the midbrain

choroid plexus

specialized structures containing ependymal cells lining blood capillaries that filter blood to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain

circle of Willis

unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels around the base of the brain that maintains perfusion of blood into the brain even if one component of the construction is blocked or narrowed

common carotid avenue

blood vessel that branches off the aorta (or the brachiocephalic avenue on the right) and supplies blood to the head and neck

dura mater

tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral cavalcade and surrounds the entire CNS

dural sinus

any of the venous structures surrounding the brain, enclosed within the dura mater, which drain claret from the CNS to the common venous return of the jugular veins

foramen magnum

large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal string emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium

fourth ventricle

the portion of the ventricular arrangement that is in the region of the brain stem and opens into the subarachnoid infinite through the median and lateral apertures

internal carotid artery

branch from the common carotid artery that enters the attic and supplies blood to the brain

interventricular foramina

openings between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle assuasive for the passage of CSF

jugular veins

blood vessels that return "used" blood from the head and neck

lateral apertures

pair of openings from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space on either side and between the medulla and cerebellum

lateral ventricles

portions of the ventricular system that are in the region of the cerebrum

lumbar puncture

procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column that avoids the risk of damaging CNS tissue because the spinal cord ends at the upper lumbar vertebrae

median aperture

atypical opening from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the midline between the medulla and cerebellum

meninges

protective outer coverings of the CNS composed of connective tissue

occipital sinuses

dural sinuses forth the edge of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum

orthostatic reflex

sympathetic function that maintains blood pressure when standing to first the increased effect of gravity

pia mater

thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS

sigmoid sinuses

dural sinuses that drain directly into the jugular veins

directly sinus

dural sinus that drains blood from the deep middle of the brain to collect with the other sinuses

subarachnoid space

space betwixt the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains CSF and the gristly connections of the arachnoid trabeculae

superior sagittal sinus

dural sinus that runs along the top of the longitudinal fissure and drains claret from the bulk of the outer cerebrum

tertiary ventricle

portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the diencephalon

transverse sinuses

dural sinuses that drain along either side of the occipital–cerebellar space

ventricles

remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube that are spaces for cerebrospinal fluid to circulate through the brain

vertebral arteries

arteries that ascend forth either side of the vertebral column through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the attic through the foramen magnum

What Type Of Glial Cell Is Responsible For Filtering Blood To Produce Csf At The Choroid Plexus?,

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiologyopenstax/chapter/circulation-and-the-central-nervous-system/

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